Monday, December 30, 2019

Steve Jobs Essay - 862 Words

Steve Jobs was born on February 24, 1955 in Los Altos, California. He is Co-founder, Chairman, and former CEO of Apple Inc. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak high school friends and both college dropouts joined together to start Apple Computer in 1976. They are credited for inventing the first computer for home use. They made it possible for people to have a computer anywhere in their home, or on an office desk, where previously a single computer took up a whole room. There creation changed the world. However Steve Jobs didn’t change what was in the products but how they looked, functioned, and what they meant. In 1776 the Apple I was finished being created. Jobs and Wozniak had spent six months creating the prototype of the Apple I in a†¦show more content†¦He didn’t only pay attention to what was in his products but what they looked like and what they meant to his buyers. That is how he changed the world, not with what his products have in them, all of the components of his products are the same as any other out there, but with how they look and what they make easier in our lives. No one goes out and says oh I’m going to buy a MP3 player that’s only 29.00$, they’re going to want to buy Apples iPod even if they have the same software. When you buy an apple product you’re not just buying the actual product your buying what the product represents. Job’s ability to take what he wants in a phone, portable music device, and computer and make it real and wanted by the masses is a gift. In conclusion, Steve Jobs changed the world not only with the invention of the Apple II in 76’which was in collaboration with Steve Wozniak, but with how he thinks. When Job’s thinks of the next big thing in technology he thinks about what he would want. He makes products that make life easier, they look good and they represent anShow MoreRelatedSteve Jobs Essay1275 Words   |  6 Pagesthe world, are the ones who do (Moncur 1).† This statement by Steve Jobs is what I believe drove him to his success. Jobs had a very successful life and impacted many people around the globe. He led the way of how computers are used and accessed today. To fully understand and appreciate Steve Job’s work, a person has to first understand his background, how he developed his projects, and the lasting impact it had on the world. Steve Jobs wasn’t always a computer whiz; he developed it over the courseRead MoreSteve Jobs Essay1017 Words   |  5 PagesSteve Jobs was born on February 25, 1955. He was soon adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs of Mountain View, CA. Steve wasnt happy at school in Mountain View so the family moved to Palo Alto, CA. Steve attended Homestead High School. His electronics teacher recalled that he was something of a loner and always had a different way of looking at things. [www.apple-history.com] After school, Steve attended lectures at Hewlett Packard Electronics firm in Palo Alto, CA. There he was hiredRead MoreSynthesis Essay - Steve Jobs1955 Words   |  8 PagesSynthesis Essay – Steve Jobs MSgt Paul A. Barentine Air Force Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy Steve Jobs Can you imagine a world without Buzz Lightyear, Nemo, or Lightning McQueen? They may never have come to life without Steve Jobs. His vision led to the creation of the iPhone, iPod, and iPad. Could you imagine the same man who was so visionary was also unethical? He was a man who belittled his employees. He treated them with disrespect and had little tolerance for intellectualRead MoreSteve Jobs Essay2155 Words   |  9 PagesPaul Jobs was raised in Germantown, Wisconsin and became a Coast Guard in World War II. He made a bet with his friends that he would be able to find a wife within two weeks. He met Clara Hagopian, who was born in New Jersey after her parents fled the Turks in Armenia, and the couple was engaged within ten days. Clara realized that she could not have children, so the married couple looked at adoption (Issacson 28-29). Joanna Schieble was a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin. She livedRead MoreLeadership Steve Jobs Essay1004 Words   |  5 Pa ges Steve Jobs Outline Michael Spellberg Critical Thinking amp; Problem-Solving August 10, 2014 Professor Ketsia Mcclease DeVry University Steve Jobs Outline I.Introduction   The greatest visionary and leader the late Steve Jobs, he revolutionized the world with his innovations and leadership, he was the leader who brought PC to the mass business sector, then happened to make music players and cell telephones that consumer cherished. His small telephones were packed with so much processingRead MoreSteve Jobs Informative Essays1022 Words   |  5 PagesOutline for Informative Speech Topic: Steve Jobs General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the life of Steve Jobs Thesis: Technology would never be the same ever since the arrival of the great Steve Jobs. * Introduction Attention Getter: In 1984 the first cd play or â€Å"Walk-man† was released. The first laptop came out in 1982 and cost a mere $8,150 which comes out to $19,630 today. In 2001 the first smartphone was released. All of these devices since have beenRead MoreThe Life and Legacy of Steve Jobs Essay2786 Words   |  12 PagesTABLE OF CONTENT Why Steve Jobs? -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 Leadership period (1996-2011) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 Personality traits-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 Leadership style-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 ManagementRead MoreSteve Jobs: The Success Story Essay875 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen †¦ very fortunate; it’s been able to introduce a few of these into the world. â€Å" (â€Å"Steve Jobs introducing the iPhone†) What continued was a loud cheering and clapping by the attendant of the Apple 2007 keynote, one of the most important events held by Apple, the world’s current most valuable company (â€Å"The Worlds Most Valuable Brands†) where Apple introduced the first iPhone. The voice of the man was Steve Job, the former CEO Apple. Born on February 24, 1955 in San Francisco, California, he wasRead MoreSteve Jobs: Innovative Genius Essay1218 Words   |  5 PagesSteve Jobs was an innovative mastermind with visions that helped change the world. He co-founded Apple inc. which is a well-known billion dollar company, and also invented products so popular, almost anyone you ask owns a product of his. In order to understand why Steve Jobs is an american cultural icon, one needs to have a description of his background and a critical analysis of his moral behavior. Born on the 24th of February, 1955, Jobs was born. Jobs biological parents were graduates of WisconsinRead Moresteve jobs leadership style Essay1105 Words   |  5 Pages Steve Job’s Leadership Style. Hoang Vu Dang Ha Bristol University Steve Job’s Leadership Style. Leadership style is a leaders style of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people. There are many different leadership styles such as leaders in the political, business or other fields. Steve Jobs (24th February, 1955 – 5th October, 2011) is one of the most remarkable leadership people in modern history and he is well-known as the co-founder

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Assisted Suicide And Death With Dignity - 1394 Words

Playing God or Dying with Dignity For this assignment, I read four articles in all—two that are decidedly against what they call â€Å"assisted suicide†, and two that are decidedly supportive of what they call â€Å"death with dignity†. This has become legalized for terminally-ill patients with prognoses of surviving no longer than six months, first in Oregon in 1998, but since then Washington, California, and Vermont. It has also been legalized in Switzerland, Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxemburg for some years now, in these countries, patients need not even be terminally ill to be granted permission to end their lives under the guidance of a physician. While both â€Å"assisted suicide† and â€Å"death with dignity† mean the same thing, physician-assisted suicide of patients who, for whatever reason, want to end their lives, the difference in terminology underlies a stark moral conflict, inspiring each side to be blinded by their respective convict ions. In an article appearing in The New York Times â€Å"Oregon Shows That Assisted Suicide Can Work Sensibly and Fairly†, author Thaddeus Mason Pope concisely forwards a data-driven argument for the effectiveness and moral soundness of assisted suicide, attempting to quell popular fears that it the legalization, and normalization, of suicide could lead to a slippery slope whereby the poor and weak-willed might be gently coerced into ending their lives. He postures himself as a man riding high on theShow MoreRelatedDeath With Dignity : Assisted Suicide2348 Words   |  10 Pages â€Å"Death with Dignity† is a phrase referring to the process of assisting terminally ill patients that have no chance of recovery to die earlier than they would have under natural circumstances by having physicians prescribe medication that would hasten the patients’ death. It is often perceived as a move to relieve the ill of the scorching pain and suffering that they could be undergoing. Family members and, in a few occasions, close friends are tasked with deciding when to assist a loved oneRead MoreThe Death With Dignity And Physician Assisted Suicide1742 Words   |  7 Pagessupporting â€Å"Death with Dignity†, also known as physician-assisted suicide. Oregon, Washington, and Vermont have each enacted laws that enable a terminally ill, mentally competent, adult to decide and dictate end of life decisions up to and including the time of their death. Oregon was the first United States (U.S.) to enact legislation and other states in the union have followed s uit. Literature Review There are numerous articles regarding Death with Dignity and Physician-Assisted Suicide. Friend (2011)Read MoreAssisted Suicide And The Death With Dignity Act803 Words   |  4 PagesPhysician-assisted suicide (PAS) occurs when a physician facilitates a patient’s death by providing the necessary means and/or information to enable the patient to perform the life-ending act (e.g. the physician provides sleeping pills and information about the lethal dose, while aware that the patient may commit suicide). [Carter, 2015]. According to Death with Dignity.org, Oregon, New Mexico, Vermont, Washington and California along with Montana who administrated the Death with Dignity act determiningRead More The Death With Dignity Act and Physician Assisted Suicide Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesThe Death With Dignity Act and Physician Assisted Suicide Introduction According to the American Medical Association (1996), physician-assisted suicide (PAS) occurs when a physician facilitates a patient’s death by providing either the means or the information necessary to aid in the patient performing the life-ending act. PAS has had a long and controversial history dating back to the ancient Greeks and Romans. They believed that there was no reason to prolong life if continued pain and sufferingRead MoreThe Debate Of Assisted Suicide1747 Words   |  7 Pages The topic of assisted suicide is very controversial and is heavily debated upon all around the world. While physician assisted suicide is only legal in the Netherlands, Switzerland, and a few states in the U.S., it is illegally practiced widely by physicians and nurses, such as Dr. Jack Kevorkian. I first heard of physician assisted suicide when the death of Dr. Kevorkian, an assisted suicide advocate and a suicide aid, was on the news in 2011. Kevorkian assisted in the suicide of many p atientsRead MoreThe United States Of America1536 Words   |  7 Pageslegislation allowing physician-assisted suicide under nearly any circumstances was Oregon. (How the Right to Die Came to America - National Center for Life and Liberty) Oregon’s Death with Dignity Act (ODWDA) law would allow dying patients the control to end their own end-of-life-care. Such movement would start in the early 1990’s by a group consisting of citizens, scholars, legal and medical experts. (Oregon Death with Dignity Act: A History - Death with Dignity) With controversy and by ballotRead MoreThe Fight Over Assisted Suicide1746 Words   |  7 Pagesthirty years the fight over assisted suicide has earned a spot in the national spotlight, for both positive and negative reasons depending on your stance on the issue. There have been challenges made based off the constitution, the right to privacy and moral reasons for both sides. While there have been many notable persons of interest during this time some have helped the cause as others have hindered progress. There have been attempts to challenge physician assisted suicide based off the FourteenthRead MoreThe Suicide Of A Patient Essay970 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The suicide of a patient suffering from an incurable disease, effected by the taking of lethal drugs provided by a doctor for this purpose,† is the dictionary definition of assisted suicide, or assisted death. Much debate has taken place over whether or not this should be a right of the terminally ill, and whether a doctor can grant that wish. Although modern medicine has brought a multitude of benefits to humanity, it cannot relieve the pain and suffering associated with the dying process. Read MorePros And Cons Of Assisted Suicide1743 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is assisted suicide? Merriam-Webster lists assisted suicide as â€Å"suicide committed by someone with assistance from another† (Assisted Suicide, n.d.). Particularly by a licensed health care provider/physician willing to participate and authorized by the state. The physician will assist with, in administering an approved prescription drug and a lethal dosage. Assisted suicide acts upon the legal request and approval of state law and patient request for the reasons of a terminal condition in orderRead MoreEssay about Euthanasia Allows Death with Dignity1347 Words   |  6 Pagesillnesses and insufferable pain? Physician-assisted suicide should be legalized because people should have the right to end their lives when they choose to and contrary to popular belief, physician-assisted suicide will not leave the presumably vulnerable helpless. Many fear the legalization of physician-assisted suicide will lead to out of control doctors who take it upon themselves to decide who lives, who dies, and when. Physician-assisted suicide has been practiced in the Netherlands for

Friday, December 13, 2019

Differences in Cultural Conceptions of Intelligence Free Essays

There are many definitions of intelligence according to both formal and informal theories. Under formal theories, intelligence is associated to adaptation to the environment and the capability to learn. According to experts, there is an intelligence factor, referred to as g, which dictates all adaptive behaviors such as mental, verbal, creative and mechanical abilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Differences in Cultural Conceptions of Intelligence or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the other hand, informal theories define intelligence using verbal, practical and social abilities. Conventional measurements of intelligence involve IQ (intelligence quotient) tests. However, different cultures define and measure intelligence differently. Western and Eastern cultures see intelligence in varying perspective according to important factors in each of these two societies (Sternberg et al, 2005). Western culture, such in the United States and most parts of Europe, traditionally defines intelligence as the mental capacity for analytical and reasoning as evidenced by strong performance in practical problem solving, verbal and social skills. Accordingly, several tests in the United States are used to gauge a person’s intelligence. Examples are the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, the Wechsler Intelligence Scales, Cognitive Abilities Test, and School and College Abilities Tests (Sternberg, 2007). Eastern cultures have an entirely different conventional view of intelligence. In China, for example, intelligence covers righteousness, benevolence, humility, self-knowledge and character as some of the traits that are associated when describing intelligence in addition to cognitive abilities. Furthermore, in Taiwanese Chinese, there are five conceptions regarding intelligence. These are cognitive, interpersonal, intrapersonal, intellectual self-assertion, and self-effacement. With the above differences in the perception of intelligence in two representative cultures such as the Chinese (Eastern) and American (Western), comes equivalent parameters that should be remembered to measure abilities. Each has its own methods for testing linguistic, spatial and interpersonal skills (Sternberg, 2007). For testing linguistic capabilities, it is important to take into account the use of appropriate language medium. The two cultures agree on using their native tongues for assessing intelligence of members of the said cultures. The English language is prevalently used in American schools; on the other hand, Chinese characters are common in schools in China. The use of figures and characters in the latter language gives advantage to Chinese students in their spatial abilities whereas abstract thinking and imagination is inspired in American setting. Therefore, a glaring contrast in tests given to American and Chinese students lies in the presence or degree of creativity and spatial skills tests, respectively. As mentioned above, there is great advantage among Chinese with regards to spatial thinking skills which can be attributed to the use of characters and physical representations in their language. On the other hand, emphasis is given on the use of alphanumeric characters in Western culture which partly results in abstract reasoning. This is why there are more tests dealing with creative thinking in Western than in Chinese culture. With regards to interpersonal skills, teamwork and collaboration is highlighted in the Western culture while in Eastern culture, the importance of excelling and being independent in order to provide or be an example to other people takes precedence. In other words the difference lies in the Eastern focus on the self as exemplified in the Taoist tradition unlike the Western’s emphasis on unity. Therefore, Eastern culture test for how best to surpass one’s successes while Western culture evaluate a person’s ability to be productive within a group (Sternberg, 2007). How to cite Differences in Cultural Conceptions of Intelligence, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Requirement and Develop Workforce Objective †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Requirement and Develop Workforce Objective. Answer: Introduction: This paper is based on procedural assessment of different tasks that collectively answer the three parts under consideration. That is, workforce planning report, communication strategy, risk management and contingency plan. Therefore, by responding to the various aspects of this paper on case study and appendix information, the three aspects will be achieved. From the case study scenario of JKL industries in Australia, HR consultant will be very useful in reviewing workforce requirement and develop workforce objective and strategies. In that connection, we will consider factors that are likely to affect supply of workforce. These factors will include internal labour resources and the external labour markets. JKL industries had achieved competitive advantage over other companies dealing with sale of products such as forklift, spare parts and small trucks. The sale of these products has assisted the company to generate a lot of wealth and in the span of 12 years of business operation achieve competitive advantage. The requirement of workforce for JKL industries along with development of workforce objectives and strategies can be achieved by employing several mechanisms. First, the industry can lay out marketing strategies (Thomas, 2009). If JKL industries market the products to a wider market, then there is higher probability of generating more wealth. This is because, the quantity of sales that will be done in a given period of time will increase significantly. Thus, there is a perfect positive correlation between the level of marketing and sales made by JKL industry in a given period of time. Again, considering that JKL industries had made more sales that contributed to 10% increase in sales per year, the industry had faced challenges in the last three years. The relative cost on these products such as forklifts and small tracks had increased significantly. Taxation process has as well affected the industry. Therefore, as a HR consultant, I aim at examining factors affecting workforce supply. To start with, we consider internal labour resources. The department of human resource management is highly involved in the process of hiring and recruiting the internal labor resources (Thomas, 2009). These resources affect JKL industries directly from the inside. This aspect affect workforce supply in a number of ways. First, the industry mode of agreement with internal labour resources. If the industry offer a proper and appropriate working environment with internal labour resources, then the supply of workforce is likely to increase because many of these workers have great attrac tion on the conditions of their workplace (Thomas, 2009). If these conditions are risky to the workers, then many of internal labour resources will be discouraged from working for JKL industries. In return, the number of workforce supply will reduce tremendously. Another aspect that will favor the supply of workforce will be wages, salaries and remunerations. If these cash aspects are favorable to the internal labour resources then the supply of workforce will increase significantly. Again, workforce supply can be affected by external labour market. These markets highly affect the supply of workforce. If JKL industries expand on the market regarding the external labour market (Thomas, 2009). More markets implies more workforce needed to fill the gaps in the market. Lastly, the other aspect of factors affecting workforce supply is the demand of forklifts and small tracks. If the demand for these products increases, then the supply of workforce will increase significantly. Reduction in demand will result to less workforce supply. The data contained in the appendix relate to JKL accounting system, payroll system and HR management system. The demographic data and workforce turnover on staffs has a wider implication. Starting with staff turnover, we are in a position to review the number of staffs in a given position at a given point in time. The number of workers who exit a particular position and reasons for exit are also indicated. It is important to appreciate the role played by different staffs in a particular position. It is through these workers that JKL industries managed to increase sales rate to 10% per annum. Were it not for the efforts of these staffs, the industries would not have been able to achieve competitive advantage over other competitors (Ryan Deci, 2017). If we review the position of senior manager on staff turnover platform, we realize that only a single senior manager exit the industry out of four senior managers. However, the reasons for exit are retirement and venture into better oppor tunities. This is a perfect record for JKL industries. A senior manager is expected to go normal retirement or venture to new opportunities. New opportunities implies that the industry has mentored that individual to a better leader. The other position to be considered is branch manager position. Out of six branch managers, only two exit JKL industries. This is through normal retirement and new opportunity. Thus, just like senior manager, the review are similar. This is a perfect record for JKL industries. A senior manager is expected to go normal retirement or venture to new opportunities. New opportunities implies that the industry has mentored that individual to a better leader. The other position under staff turnover is line manager. Out of 18 line managers, only 3 exit. Unlike the other two positions, the reasons of exit is different. There is normal retirement, unhealthy working conditions and lack of opportunities. Thus JKL industries failed to nature these position since the conditions for work are unhealthy thus resulting to a larger exit number. Finally, the position of mechanic and sale force and customer service have the largest population of exit as well as workforce (McGregor, 2012). The reasons of exit indicate that the industry need to reconsider these position in terms of working conditions and lack of recognition. It is a big mistake by the company to ignore this positions. Their services cannot be under estimated. From demographic data, the female gender has not ventured in any way in the position of senior manager and branch manager. Again, large number of women tend to venture in sales and customer care position. There is need to encourage women to venture into other positions. There should be no discrimination on position based on gender. JKL industry need to offer equal opportunities to both males and females. From the probabilities indicated each year on the different positions, I believe there is hope on chances of filling the positions. This is because, all these probabilities are beyond half. This is a good indicator that workers are willing to join JKL industry. Probably the industry have managed to reduce unfavorable conditions in the working culture of each individual (Richard, 2013). There is consistence in some positions in terms of probability of filling the positions. These factors include demand for products offered by the industry, the conditions of workplace, the levels of wages, remunerations and salaries (Maslow, 2013). The market level and level of competition are among the external factors affecting workplace supply. The industrial relation information to be considered in this case are rights and responsibilities of the workers. The workers have a right to proper working condition that will not affect their health. Again, they have rights on timeframe for work (Marylene, 2014). They should not be exploited the employer. On the other hand, the responsibilities for these workers include delivery of tasks in the appropriate time by hitting the set targets. Government policies governing JKL industry and other industry typically revolve licensing process. No industry will be allowed by law to operate illegally. This is done to monitor the taxation processes as well as protecting end users of industrial products. The summary review the following aspects. To begin with, the industry mode of agreement with internal labour resources. If the industry offer a proper and appropriate working environment with internal labour resources, then the supply of workforce is likely to increase because many of these workers have great attraction on the conditions of their workplace. If these conditions are risky to the workers, then many of internal labour resources will be discouraged from working for JKL industries. In return, the number of workforce supply will reduce tremendously. Skilled and diverse workforce are of great importance for the industry. This is achieve by hiring professional and experts in different work positions. The prediction of labour supply must be proportional to sales to be made and demand of product by potential consumers. External conditions will include competition and other government policies (Kanungo Manuel, 2014). The time series analysis will be appropriate in attaining future demand as a technique to predict future demands. The recommendations that fit JKL industry are promotion of working culture in all positions. If this is done without discriminating any position, then the industry will achieve all the objectives. From FY 2016-17, the probability of filling specific positions will be driven by an objective based on developing skills and organizational capability. In order to raise the probability of filling these positions, it is important for JKL industry to promote skills of workers via training and empowering working culture. Organizational capability can be obtained via motivation of management team composed of positions of senior managers and branch managers. The objective of retaining skilled labor can be addressed via application of certain strategies. JKL industry need to revisit the reasons for exit from specific staff positions. Other than normal retirement, other reasons of exit need to be reduced to retain skilled labour. Workforce diversity can be rated based on the probability of refilling certain position once some staffs exit the industry. The higher the probability, the more diversified is workforce. To promote this diversity, JKL industries need to cultivate the power of working culture and tenacity. All the staffs need to be recognized in the industry since their effort cannot be underestimated. This will promote diversity to both males and females across all positions in the industry. This will in return increase probability of refilling positions. To retain the supply of workforce, the best strategy is to promote diversified workforce that cut across all position by considering both males and females in equal chances. To refill position upon exit, the strategy that fit objective is to market the position across all interested and potential workforce. To promote diversity in workforce, the strategy is to ensure workforce culture is adhered to. This can as well be achieved via recruitment of skilled workforce who will not leave any gap in the industry. Your proposed process for developing detailed targets consistent with objectives in consultation with managers. The process that can be applied in this case is objective oriented. This process must integrate the decisions made by managers and objectives outlined. This is achieved by promoting the working conditions and workforce culture. The process also involve team work among all the stakeholders of the industry. The following communication strategy will be used by the following stakeholders. Senior management. We will apply communication strategy of deployment of tasks to junior workers (Arnold, 2010). Senior management can apply authoritative communication strategy to deploy tasks to junior workers. Line management. The communication strategy applied here is similar to that of senior management to monitor the work done by junior staffs. Communication strategy applied here is submission strategy when submitting tasks to senior management. Risk management and contingency plan. From the assertions of appendix 3, it is important to develop risk management and contingency plan for JKL industries. Workforce objective Risk likelihood Risk consequence To make huge sales in all markets. The demand and supply mechanism inconsistency. There could be oversupply and under demand in the market. To meet set targets in due time. Over exploitation of industrial workers. This may demoralize the workers and may affect output. Workforce objective Risk mitigation strategy and contingency plan To make huge sales in all markets. Make sure the demand and supply mechanisms correlate to avoid straining resources. To meet set targets in due time. Offer overtime remunerations to workers so as to motivate them in their performance. To achieve competitive advantage Through mergers and acquisitions. References Arnold, J. (2010). Coaching Skills for Leaders in the Workplace: How to Develop, Motivate and Get the Best from Your Staff. How to Books. Kanungo, R.N., Manuel, M. (2014). Work Motivation: Models for Developing Countries. Sage Publication put. Marylene, G. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Work Engagement, Motivation and Self-Determination Theory. OUP USA. Maslow, A.H. (2013). A Theory of Human Motivation. Start publishing LLC. McGregor, D. (2012). The Human Side of Enterprise. New Yolk, 21. Richard, A. (2013). Job Satisfaction from Herzbergs Two Factor Theory Perspective. Grin publishing. Ryan, R.M., Deci, EL. (2017). Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Need in Motivation, development and Wellness. The Guilford press. Thomas, K.W. (2009). Intrinsic Motivation: What Really Drives Employees Engagement. Berret-Koehler publishers.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Money Does Not Guarantee Happiness free essay sample

Possessing an enormous sum of money and fortune has become one of many people’s main goals and ultimate purpose in life, especially the younger generations, regardless their nationality. Many are convinced throughout their lives that happiness can be bought with the existence money. But does possessing a large fortune and being loaded really bring happiness to one’s life? To answer this question, one should know the meaning of the words ‘happiness’ and ‘money’. As quoted by the legendary Mahatma Ghandi, â€Å"Happiness is what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony†. A famous philosopher named Aristotle also quoted, â€Å"Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence. † The word ‘happiness’ itself is very hard to define as it has a different meaning in different context. Different people have different interpretations of what happiness means to them. In general, ‘happiness’ is success in life. We will write a custom essay sample on Money Does Not Guarantee Happiness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Success in life cannot always be measured in material wise. It is achieved when one is satisfied with the achievements made, feeling at ease with his current life and enjoying life to the fullest. Most people dont spend much time wondering what money is. Their major concern is how much money they have, and how to get more. Money isnt just pieces of paper. It is a type of medium of exchange in transactions. Some people argue that without wealth you cannot be happy. Money can’t buy happiness directly as money alone does not guarantee happiness. In this written assignment, there will be some arguments supporting the statement ‘Money does not guarantee happiness’ and further clarifications on the statement. Arguments Lately there have been numerous articles written in the newspapers and magazines relating to the way how the rich and powerful live their lives. At first, it was a shock the whole world when articles are written about them taking drugs, being rehabilitated and some even took their own lives away. But nowadays, these types of news don’t really bother anyone anymore as it is a cliche already. It is now crystal clear that having thick wallets and many digits in their bank accounts does not guarantee one’s happiness in life. These could be seen when entertainers such as the beautiful and talented Lindsay Lohan was caught taking drugs. There are a few setbacks having a huge pile of money. These setbacks are the reasons why money does not guarantee happiness even if it could lead to happiness. Money cannot buy you everything Money turns people into materialistic creatures. Life consists of many important things that cannot be bought. For instance, you can purchase the best medicines and treatments, yet you cannot buy health. In this era of civilization, money can buy you fame and also a life. But there’s one thing in life that does not have a price tag to it and that is happiness. Happiness is not something that can be bought, but it is something that comes from within our heart and soul. Money does bring certain amount of happiness but the type of happiness won’t last. Money can’t buy happiness, but it will go a long way in helping you find happiness. As Easterlin puts it: â€Å"The problem is we dont realize that our material wants increase with the amount of money we make. †. Money brings â€Å"happiness† only up to a certain level that will end once it is over used. Money can never buy you love, family, and true friends which are the keys to happiness. Money can lead to more stress Stress is the adverse reaction people have to excessive pressure. It isn’t a disease. But if stress is intense and goes on for some time, it can lead to mental and physical ill health. Money and reputation always seem to dangle just outside of our reach, encouraging us to lean farther and farther over the edge, to study longer and longer, to work harder and harder. Life satisfaction is affected by salary and income, but only to a certain degree. The huge pay check you receive from your job may not buy you much happiness. Of course with your big income, you could buy a huge house and also a few classy vehicles. Having a large sum of money provide us some sense of security. And security is very desirable. People with money dont of course need to worry about their bill payments, but they often have significant sums of money invested and frequently needs to look out for their fortune and the rise and fall of the world stock markets and money value. Having a lot of money makes you more stressed out because you become worried about ow to manage, preserve, and grow the money. This is because once you have something you are afraid of losing it, but if you don’t have anything at all, there is no fear of losing it. To earn more money, people have to work very hard to finance their family. People nowadays end up doing jobs they despise, just for the sake of the thick pay check, working unbelievable hours and doing something they have no interest in. Higher salary equals to more responsibilities and more working hours per day. If responsibility and demands become too much, they can lead to work-related stress. The more responsibility you bare, the more stressful you are. These type of people were so busy living their lives in pursuit of something larger than themselves that they had no time to wonder, Am I happy? Money decreases the pleasures in life Usually a rich person will cut off most of his personal relationships as most of his time is spend to seek for money till he forgets to spend some quality time with others. Rich people also tend to splurge on lavish and extravagant items till they often forget how to enjoy the simple things in life. When you consume a luxury every day, it’s not a luxury any more. A super caramel triple-shot cappuccino with whipped cream and sprinkles is a luxury when you drink it once a month, making a little ritual out of it, sitting at your favourite table in the coffee shop and drinking in tiny sips with your eyes closed. If you do it every morning on your way to work, it’s just caffeine and calories. When a pleasure becomes ordinary, one tends to seek more and more sensation, something more and more luxurious till it gives the same payoff and satisfaction. People who earn more money dont spend their time enjoying themselves, they spend their time at work, in activities likely to cause them more stress and tension. This may be because of the focusing illusion. When people think about earning more money they probably imagine they would use the money on recreational activities. In fact, to earn the money, they have to spend more time at work, and commuting to and from work. Money invites pretentious group of people to come closer Owning a truck-load of money comes with a large of package. We often hear that lottery millionaires saying everyone suddenly love them once they hit the jackpot but in reality, those people only love their money. Spreading the word about one’s fortune could carry some negative consequences in relation to the people in the social network with the individual. Namely, if people love your money and not yourself, the closeness between you cant be genuine. Money can certainly not buy you friends or trust or relationships. Money creates a mirage of relationship with others that only leaves you dissatisfied because you didn’t have the interactions before you had the money. Rich people will never know for sure who their true friends are, and theyll always wonder. They might also have to spend the rest of their lives watching out for the huge numbers of pretenders who are just aiming for their money. Money makes you compare yourself with others The second reason why more money does not bring more happiness is the problem of rivalry. Since most everyone will likely find a relative, friend or an acquaintance making more money than them, they will certainly take it as a challenge and will do whatever it takes to earn more money than that individual. A great fortune means nothing if nobody knows about it. A research study made by Glenn Firebaugh, a sociologist at Pennsylvania State University in University Park and Laura Tach, a sociology graduate student at Harvard University supports this argument. Many think having a high position on the occupation ladder which obviously earns you bigger income, gains you more respect and will increase your level of happiness. Nowadays all adults are seemed to be bombarded with questions on what their careers are and the reason why these types of questions are often asked is because people are constantly comparing themselves with each other. When a child is born, parents tend to train their children that they have to become someone big and successful. Parents will try to scare their children by pointing out that some poor people who don’t have money are dying from hunger, some have no home to live. From that a fear, arise a conclusion in their minds that they will end up that way if they don’t have a lot of money. ? ? Conclusion As a whole, it is now proven that money does not guarantee one’s happiness. Despite money contributing to one’s happiness, money cannot buy pure and long term happiness. Acquiring money and status makes we feel satisfied with life. We convince ourselves that satisfaction equals to happiness. Unfortunately it doesnt. Even though rich people appear to have everything, they are left feeling that something is missing, but are unable to identify what that thing is. Obviously, money can fill up your belly and keep you dry when it rains, but money can certainly not fill up the emptiness in your heart. Being a truly happy person comes from within oneself as no amount of materialism and money in the world can grant you that feeling. Money can’t buy true happiness because happiness comes from within you, not from anyone or from anything else. Also, money can’t buy happiness because life really isn’t about who has the fastest car, the most money, the fanciest house, or other material things. Money does and can buy happiness but only for a short term of time, so it does not count as pure happiness. In short, money only gives one an illusion of security and satisfaction, and most of the time people tend to interpret this as happiness, but it isnt. Money can’t buy happiness directly but it is certainly one of the factors contributing to one’s happiness thus money alone does not guarantee happiness.

Monday, November 25, 2019

The Oakum Room by Theresa Tomlinson Essay Example

The Oakum Room by Theresa Tomlinson Essay Example The Oakum Room by Theresa Tomlinson Paper The Oakum Room by Theresa Tomlinson Paper Essay Topic: Literature The Oakum Room is a short story by Theresa Tomlinson that portrays the harsh and degrading conditions faced by female workhouse employees in a workhouse for the disadvantaged. The writer is able to depict the cruel and disgusting manner in which the workers are treated by her use of imagery and word choice, and in this essay, I intend to discuss these techniques. Tomlinson chooses to use a first-person narrative as a way of making the story more personal, as if the protagonist, Susan, is confiding in us. The use of this personal touch helps us learn more about Susan, in the way she depicts others and the storys events. The first example of this is the onomatopoeia with which she describes Mrs Hansons shoes slap the floor. The reader immediately becomes uncomfortable with the presence of Mrs Hanson (the administrator of the workhouses harsh regime), as the connotations of the word slap suggests violence and her desire for control. The writer chooses to repeat the word to illustrate the power held over the women by their oppressor. The protagonists recognition of the quick step of Mrs Hanson suggests she has already been given a reason to fear her. When Mrs Hanson enters the oakum room, she chooses to address the workers while on the raised dais. The writer does this to imply the way Mrs Hanson feels above the workers and looks down on them, both metaphorically and (by choice) literally. This is evident when Mrs Hanson orders: Put down your work. This command clearly shows Mrs Hansons position over the workers. This short statement is quickly obeyed, even though the women were never told to stop their work: another signal of the absolute authority held by Mrs Hanson and the harsh regime the women are forced to work under. When the women receive a break to eat, they are poorly fed as their meals merely consist of potatoes and a thin liquor that they called gravy. The meal seems even poorer in quality and quantity when contrasted with the extremely heavy amounts of work the women are expected to do. When the workers are told of the reason they have been told to stop work, a murmur of suppressed excitement flew around the room. This tells the reader two things: the use of the term suppressed excitement suggests they feel the need to hide their happy emotions from Mrs Hanson; another sign of her power over them. It also shows the womens dependence on others and a sign of their desperation. They feel excited due to a farmers interest in finding a wife from the oakum room: a proposition that Mrs Hanson describes as most fortunate for the women. The womens desperation is depicted even more clearly when they argue frantically over who should use the one comb the workgroup possess. The author does well to present the women as individuals through her use of dialogue and description whereas Mrs Hanson attempts to rob them of all of their individuality and personal qualities. The gingham smock worn by all the women has been used to demoralise them and make them feel cheap and helpless. Although the women find it difficult under the brutal conditions, they are still able to form strong bonds and a sense of loyalty as a group. There is a strong sense of friendship amongst the women, proven when each worker says they hope the other gets picked. The writer creates gruesome images in the readers mind when describing the removal of sharp particles from red and raw hands. The alliteration here emphasises the extent of the womens suffering. Tomlinson describes the womens skin as: tough like the skin of a beast. This simile is used to convey the dehumanisation of the workforce, who have been forced to change over time, due to the difficult conditions faced as a worker in the oakum room. The workhouse is described as charitable on many occasions by Mrs Hanson. This seems to have been used as an ironic comment by the author who does not believe them to be charitable at all, but a hypocritical and dishonest organisation that exploits vulnerable women. The women are soon lined up like the cattle that he farms in front of their potential husband and Mrs Hanson goes through the qualities and defects of each of the women as if they are not women but dumb animals, unable to comprehend her callous remarks. This is evident when she describes a young woman by saying: She has a young child over at the infants ward. Father unknown, of course still, proof of childbearing. Her brutal and unfeeling words convey the idea that she is fully aware of the feeling that Jarrotson has lined these women up to choose one of them as he would an animal, with no regard for their feelings or emotions. Mr Jarrotson, the farm worker choosing a wife, is described by the author as an ugly and contemptible individual. The fat man of about fifty with small grey eyes openly looks in disgust at the women, choosing not to treat them as human beings, as his cheeks become flushed with enjoyment when he humiliates the workers. This vivid use of word choice clearly conveys his lecherous and disdainful attitude towards the helpless workers. This causes the women to make themselves as unappealing to Mr Jarrotson as possible, in an attempt not to be forced to live with Mr Jarrotson. This shows the reader that the women would rather be working in the treacherous and difficult oakum room together, than be left to marry the farm worker, without the support of each other. Mrs Hanson becomes furious as they continue down the line and she feels her domination and iron control of her workers slipping away. When they reach Polly in the line, it is obvious she possesses meek and humble qualities that Mr Jarrotson finds appealing: he smiles in relief then reaches out and grips her shoulder. The use of the term grip suggests that Polly feels uncomfortable with the contact made by Mr Jarrotson, she does not want to fall into his clutches, and as a result, lashes out, biting his hand. Pollys extreme behaviour here conveys the way in which the writer believes that the women have been treated as animals: they have therefore begun to act as animals. Mrs Hansons humiliation is clear to see as her face glows red with anger. Two women are called to restrain the unresisting Polly, one bearing a strait-jacket, used to symbolise the way in which the women are trapped in the oakum room with no other option in life. The workers are screamed at, and described as disgrace[s] to their charitable benefactors. Again, the writer uses this term to suggest the complete opposite: the organisation is not charitable, but harsh and degrading. The great entrance that consists of high porches and columns and ornate clocks is clearly there for show: an attempt to portray a prestigious and worthy charitable organisation, whereas the working conditions are poor; all of the available money has been spent on the picture painted for the outside world rather than the protection and safety of their workers. The story ends with the women returning slowly and quietly to the oakum room, right back where they started, to face more harsh treatment, knowing that they have made no progress in their position as workers. I believe this depressing image of their crushed defeated footsteps is described purposely to convey the womens inability to rebel due to their lack of options in life. The women are clearly in a desperate situation already, and this is the reason they choose to remain in these unrelenting and depressing conditions. In this short story, Theresa Tomlinson uses vivid and memorable language to depict a situation in which terrible and inhumane conditions have brought out the best in a group of people. The unity and loyalty the women show towards each other, is something we think of as admirable, and her story emphasises the idea that it seems ironic that this type of relationship was caused by such poor and vicious treatment. There are points throughout the story where the women admit that they wouldnt have managed if [they] hadnt had each other. This shows a feeling of their strong bond which persists despite Mrs Hansons efforts to crush their human spirit. In this short story, Theresa Tomlinson creates a stark contrast between the way in which the poor were treated in Victorian times and the way the poor are treated today. The themes in this short story of courage and dignity in the face of brutality clearly emphasise that people nowadays seem to be developing more respect towards each other as individuals; people nowadays are, thankfully, much more conscious of the way their actions affect others.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Ethical Argument Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethical Argument Paper - Essay Example These nations may and may not have set strict reasoning rule for abortion but al of these nations have accepted that a women is the only one who can decide in favor or against abortion of her child. Body Those against abortion have taken a stance that a fetus or an unborn is a human life and he should have all the privileges and rights that a human being has (Farrell 12). Undoubtedly, fetus is human according to the definition of a human in scientific terms and is expected to grow up as a human being after a certain period. Although, fetus is expected to transform into an individual, there fore there is a probability that he/she will transform into a human being and cannot enjoy the rights bestowed on humans. Since a fetus does not have the ability to exercise and enjoy the rights of a human, his rights should not conflict with the rights of a woman as she is already a fully grown human being. The debate whether abortion is ethically and morally right or wrong is dependant on the deb ate of personhood and rights of fetus and others involved (Garfield 81). It is essential for the debate as it helps in deciding the correct time when a fetus obtains the status of personhood. The issue of abortion has no end as there are conflicting views about the definition of person. According to United States, a fetus is only recognized as a person in accordance to the definition of a person provided by the constitution. The common law exercised in the areas of UK and US realizes that a fetus transforms into a human being or person as soon as he enters the world but not before that (Cave 2). This view point was exercised in the case of R v Tait during the period of 1989, within United Kingdom’s jurisdiction (Chadwick 115). Those who support the concept of pro-choice, state that no rights are bestowed on a fetus until and unless it seems feasible. In the case of United Kingdom it is 24 weeks, the concept of feasibility is very important to this argument because an individu al is not recognized as a person until and unless the society accepts him as a person (Simons 142). During the Roman era, a child used to gain the rights as soon as he was born and laid at his father’s feed, he used to gain rights only if his/her father picked him/her in his arms (Youssef 123). As soon as the father holds the child, the child gains acceptance into the community and gained all the privileges and rights of a person. If the father did not pick of the child, the child was considered as illegal and unwanted and was killed or if he was allowed to live, he used to have little or no rights at all and he was not acceptable to the society. It is very hard to decide when a fetus or a person is actually recognized as a person and allotted the rights that come with this acceptance. Those who are not in the favor of abortion use pro-life debate to support their arguments against abortion. According to them, the probability that an individual will end up being a person is e qual to an individual who has already been recognized as a person and should have similar rights. David Boonin states that the actual possession of personhood rights and the expected possession of the rights is one and the same thing (Oehlschlaeger 145). He further states that a fetus is going to transform into a person in future, thus he should and already has similar rights. An act is only considered as unethical of an

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

What Drives Chinese Into Buying Luxury Goods in the 21st Century Essay

What Drives Chinese Into Buying Luxury Goods in the 21st Century - Essay Example Chinese consumers buy the products within China and also from other countries as tourists. A rapidly growing upper and middle class are seen as bent on enhancing their individuality by buying luxury goods, according to a report from McKinsey&Co (2011). China has been reported to have already overtaken the United States and Japan in terms of luxury items purchases (Vickers & Renand, 2003). China has worked hard to achieve economic prosperity, producing current generations of millionaires. Accordingly, this generation has been spending a large amount in the luxury market day by day and Chinese are becoming more dynamic and active buyers in the market (Lu, 2012). China has emerged as the biggest purchaser of luxury goods in the world market. Chinese consumers are showing considerable interest in buying luxury goods these days, and this has not been left unnoticed by the global luxury market (Frank, 2013). The United States, Japan, and Europe, who have been the top consumers of luxury goods, are indeed quite surprised with the growing appetite of Chinese for luxury items. Nearly all Chinese visiting Paris have bought expensive bags without looking at its price tags. They are also buying other luxury items like goggles, cars, shoes, and many others. Luxury goods refer to all those branded products unreachable by ordinary people. The rich and senior citizens comprise the bulk of overseas luxury buyers and item collectors. To them, luxury items are products of cultural essence, and obtaining them means owning a piece of culture. There are three groups in China buying luxury goods: those who are considered as spectacularly rich, the young urban professionals and people who want to gain some sense of satisfaction, and some shady characters composed of blackmailers or illegal groups who have smuggled luxurious goods into the country. China’s growing

Monday, November 18, 2019

Arab News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Arab News - Essay Example "Traditional rule in the emirates generally has been patriarchal, with political allegiance defined in terms of loyalty to the tribal leaders. Political leaders in the emirates are not elected, but citizens may express their concerns directly to their leaders via traditional mechanisms, such as the open majlis, or council" (Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2001).According to the Constitution, Federal Supreme Council consists of the seven emirate leaders, which means, all regions have approximately equal access to legislative process. The Council elects President and Vice President directly among its members, and President is entitled to select Cabinet and Prime Minister. In spite of the well-known fact that emirate leaders normally meet in informal settings, the Constitution obliges them to assemble annually and determine legislation, country budget and further social policy. The Cabinet controls and manages the Federation on a daily basis, and the Federal National Council, the major advisory body, constitute a link between the Council and the Cabinet, as FNC officials are expected to provide consulting services to emirate leaders and make queries to the Cabinet, even though FNC has no legislative rights. Every region maintains control over its oil and mineral resources, local economic issues, inter-emirate trade and some aspects of local and regional security. The central Government declares dominance in terms of international affairs, defense strategies, and progressively more in terms of law and the provision of certain government services to population (bbc.co.uk, 2006). Judicial branch in UAE is mostly independent, but the court system is subordinated and in some sense managed by the federal Government, in particular, international cases and all events and crimes, associated with terrorism. Policing in United Arab Emirates is comparatively independent, since each region has its own internal police force, but they all are accountable to hierarchically vertically higher structures. The federation supports the establishment of free commerce and has market economy, basically maintained by oil and natural gas trade as well as light industry, like textiles and garments manufacturing. Abu Dhabi, the largest emirate is economic and political center, as the majority of petrol production businesses are situated in this region. The Emirate of Dubai is likewise an oil producer, as well as a growing financial and commercial center in the Gulf. "The remaining five emirates have negligible petroleum or other resources and therefore depend in varying degrees on federal government subsidies, particularly for basic services such as health care, electricity, water, and education. The economy provides citizens with a high per capita income, but it is heavily dependent on foreign workers, who constitute at least 80 percent of the general population" (Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2001). Human rights in UAE are respected, but in fact not realized completely. For instance, there are some biases at governmental level, which support patriarchate and male domination, and correspondingly, there are almost no business or educational newspapers, intended for women. Furthermore, the Government rejects the citizens' right to change or elect authorities, and the press and television still omit or avoid direct criticism of authorities, as the most popular and available newspapers are government-oriented

Friday, November 15, 2019

An Analysis Of Personal Leadership Skills Nursing Essay

An Analysis Of Personal Leadership Skills Nursing Essay For this essay I have audited my leadership skills using theoretical models and referred to specific situations and experiences. This encompasses personal, academic and professional reflections and explores opportunities for my career paths and personal development with an Action Plan for the future. This has required critical evaluation of my own development needs in light of my own aspirations, establishing an understanding of my transferrable skills and how these can be enhanced. For this I have considered situations in which my leadership traits, styles and skills have been utilised to help create successful outcomes. Background My career path has involved working closely with and taking an interest in people, both clients and colleagues alike. In developing my management skills, I am continually pursuing further ways of improving the effectiveness of these interactions which is immensely rewarding for me. On leaving school, my first employment was within the travel industry. From the outset, I sought to improve skills and enjoyed the challenge of meeting the needs of customers, budgetary targets, training of staff, problem solving, through to the opening and management of a travel agency branch several years later. Apart from the GCSE qualifications gained at school, any further academic or professional learning has been gained whilst in employment. The skills and achievements in my personal life are equally transferrable to my work life. For example, as Chairman of a genealogical society for several years and public speaking engagements both serve as reminders that I have organisational, research and presentation abilities which I can and should be utilising and developing along my career path. I am a prison officer and, three years ago, I learnt that my establishment was funding a Foundation Degree in Offender Management. My initial reaction was one of excitement as I had, for several years, considered some form of Higher Education by way of personal and professional development, but had never explored the options. It was a source of immense satisfaction to pass the course and achieve Distinction grade. My learning journey, experiences and personal developments, undertaken in the last three years, would take more than the word count of this essay allows, yet there are key points to reflect on in order to analyse my own leadership skills and continue their development. Theoretical Models and Personal Experience of Reflection in my Professional Development: From my earliest days in retail employment, then Care Work and on to prison officer, I have been fascinated by people and behaviour. Working alongside others, as well as empowering and training gives me great personal and professional satisfaction. Using reflective models such as Gibbs (1998), shown in Appendix III, I came to realise that how I interpret situations influences my interactions with others. As I will illustrate, this relates directly to my personality style and how I manage people and situations. Linked to this is the importance I place on how I am viewed by others and naturally seek collaborative and open relationships. Many of these values are found in Carnegie (1938), listed in Appendix I. The Study Skills Self-Assessment which I completed on 23 October 2007 (Appendix II) highlighted three main employability skills I need to develop as: Improving own learning and performance Application of number (data collection and interpretation) Information and technology proficiency Alongside these, to develop, are my personal attributes of Self confidence Flexibility and adaptability Judgement In this assessment I also reflected on my own specific weaknesses which include being too self-critical and not praising my own achievements enough which can affect my ability to be objective about my performance. I have a strong underpinning need to defend others and leap to their rescue which I have come to see as a hindrance to my own development and of those I seek to help. This is a particularly important area for me to address as future management roles will require me to allow others to take their own personal responsibility and only offer guidance as appropriate. This rescuer style is schema-related and I have considered schema theory and how this applies to me. Beck, (1967:233), described a schema as ..a cognitive structure for screening, coding, and evaluating the stimuli that impinge  on the organism. In short, schemas are the filters or core beliefs we have about ourselves or the world around us which influence how we interpret different situations in our lives. The nature of the work I do in offender rehabilitation requires me to undertake regular de-briefing, supervision, yearly health reviews and bi-monthly counselling. This, together with schema theory and other therapy models I use with prisoners, which I have also applied to myself, means I spend a lot of time being introspective and sharing reflections with colleagues. This helps define practical steps for a successful future but also enables me to gain wider perspectives in understanding, leading and managing others with a range of resources and situational analysis capabilities. Whereas, in the past and even recently, I have questioned the decision making processes of management, this has reshaped into a desire to gain a holistic overview of the work environment. Understanding the way we think and manage ourselves and others has been an important facet of my learning over the last three years. Straker (2008) who expands on the work of Gardner (2006) was helpful in appreciating that how we interact with people, at all levels, and is crucial for self development. Overcoming objections to understanding others, for fear that this might disprove our own theories about ourselves and the world are key hurdles of which I must continually be mindful. Negative experiences in this have resulted in an unhealthy view of the workplace but, as I said earlier, the benefits of a more engaging view have proved beneficial in my work and personal well being. As well as using Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1998), Kolb (1984) also helped me to evaluate experiences and test hypotheses but I did not find it took me to the point of action whereas Gibbs sets out the plan for ongoing development which is crucial for me so as not to remain procrastinating. Moon (2004) has been a useful resource on reflective practice, reminding me that reflection is not just important in itself, but must also lead to positive change, In observing what gets in the way, rather than being stuck in analysis, to move beyond and set goals for positive development has been essential learning for me and has been a surprising benefit which I had not expected several years ago. Leadership Employability Skills I recently completed an Employability Skills self assessment exercise which we first undertook in the first semester of the Foundation Degree. On doing this, I compared the results from the two. It was encouraging that one of my main developments appears to have been in problem solving and I consider my Higher Education studies over the last three years as contributing to my deeper analysing abilities. In light of earlier descriptions of my learning journey and reflective logs, it is gratifying to see that I have come a long way in, not only overcoming my own obstacles to learning, but making measured and significant achievement which then enables me to guide others in their roles. Among the key learning experiences for me, alongside the above, are a recognition of the roles of others, networking and effective communication. My career path has involved working closely with and taking an interest in people, both clients and colleagues alike. This was particularly apparent when I recently updated my Curriculum Vitae (Appendix IV), which was last compiled almost fifteen years ago. In developing my management skills throughout my degree studies, I have discovered further ways of improving the effectiveness of these interactions which is immensely rewarding for me. Through networking with management and departments for resources on researching prison policy, security and management skills, I am now feeling positive and motivated to succeed in career development. Not only is this important from a practical, self-development perspective, but also the fulfilling sense of achievement this will bring. Until recently, I was Supervisor of the Core Sex Offender Treatment Programme which was an important role in developing my leadership skills, promoting staff well-being as well as guiding staffs professional development. Another important aspect of this was to remain flexible yet consistent in balancing these needs whilst focussing on the goals of the establishment Business Plan and Key Performance Target (KPT) priorities. This mirrors Handy (1987) who argues for such flexibility in his Trust Control Theory. I find myself taking the opportunity to develop the skills of others very seriously and is personally rewarding and empowering. The values I attribute to this mirror those of Kandola and Fullerton (1994) in their Mosaic Vision which I have included in Appendix V. In Transactional Analysis Theory (Bern, 1961), every individuals personality is made up of three parts Parent, Adult and Child. An assessment of my own revealed a predominantly Nurturing Parent relationship style which is immensely rewarding personally, but can prove emotionally draining and is not without its practical problems. However, developing assertiveness skills in establishing my own identity and skills base has the benefit of overcoming any negative rumination and keeps lines of communication open. An example of achieving this was in challenging my line manager over my yearly performance review where I was rated Achieved and not Exceeded which I felt was deserved. I could have overlooked this and ruminated unhelpfully, believing him to be responsible for not recognising my achievements, but chose instead to manage my manager and argued my case. I found the www.h2training.com website interesting which had useful strategies for reminding me how to maintain my own degree of self-determination. Quoting from this site: Its unreasonable to expect your manager to be entirely responsible for accelerating your career: ultimately, its your own responsibility. Remember that an expectation is also resentment waiting to happen, and it is very difficult to hide resentment. http://h2training.com/managing_manager_tips.html [accessed November 2010] Suffice to say, my performance record was amended accordingly. I recently had to step down from Sex Offender Treatment work which I found difficult to accept. I, therefore, reappraised my personal development and used reflective skills (Kolb, 1984 and Beck 1967) to help evaluate the experiences and to understand how I was interpreting them. By doing this, I was able to negotiate a role within the drugs support team after originally being offered an office based assessment position which I would have found unfulfilling. Indeed, on reflection, assertiveness and negotiation are two core management attributes which are now part of my skills set. Drawing together the range of experience and interests I have enjoyed over successive years keeps me, first and foremost, actively engaged in working for and alongside others. My role as a drugs support worker requires the key skills I possess with the realisation and expectation that they can be further developed with a particular emphasis on evaluating the management requirements of this work. This is encouraging and, in this period of change, I have come to realise the importance of job satisfaction as a key motivator for me. An important element of my professional life is to uphold personal and corporate values of decency and ethical practice including cultural diversity. I was pleased to be able to highlight these values in my Diversity Foundation Degree project from January 2009 where I made recommendations for valuing the diversity of staff and prisoners and improving ethical practice in Programmes Awareness training at Full Sutton. This was well received by the treatment management team resulting in the training being strengthened in this area. On sharing the findings of my Transactional Analysis with a work colleague, my nurturing parent style was acknowledged and confirmed through my perceived empathic nature. In looking at my management style, it is important that I maintain a balance between this and being careful not to go into White Knight schema-driven mode, where I need to defend others at all costs. Developing a style which cares for others yet enables them to function on their own merits allows me to function better as a genuinely caring person in my work and as a leader. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs theory (1943), reminds me that my own needs count as well as those of other people. In other words, putting other people first all the time is detrimental to my own well-being and valuing myself is, in itself, a key assertiveness skill. I continually remind myself of the announcements on aircraft during safety briefings where, in the event of oxygen masks being deployed, you are instructed to put your own on first before aiding anyone else. If you dont, you might pass out beforehand and then no one is saved. Critically evaluating My Leadership and Management Style Some years ago, a colleague of mine who has since retired, told me his thoughts on a particular Senior Manager. He used a phrase which, though meant in a derogatory sense, I have never forgotten. He said ..as a leader of men, I would only follow him out of curiosity. This colleague had spent many distinguished years in the Armed Services as a Regimental Sergeant Major and had been in the Prison Service for around 15 years. He had, therefore, some considerable experience of different management and leadership styles. Using established theory I continually analyse my own strengths and weaknesses in areas of leadership and management. Fayol (1916) highlighted five commons elements of management which are essential to the role. These include the ability to look to the future, to be organised and co-ordinate the organisational objectives, leading (though he defined it as commanding which is unhelpfully autocratic) and, finally, to control the above elements using all means at his or her disposal. Whilst this was written at the beginning of the last century, the basic tenets of management Fayol lists are still valid though ones own personality also engenders an effective workforce which can achieve results. The latter is personally important as I seek to have followers rather than delegates and makes me, as a manager, more of a leader. I recently completed the Myers Briggs Personality Type Questionnaire. Having done this a couple of years ago, I decided to redo this using an internet-based assessment resource (www.teamtechnology.co.uk) [accessed 15 September 2010], which produced a comprehensive 200 page report. Summary in Appendix VI The results proved very interesting and formed a cohesive assessment which affirmed the beliefs about my personality and leadership attributes gained over the last few years. This was confirmed through the initial questionnaire together with a separate subtest which had similar outcomes and, interestingly, the results were very similar to my previous assessment two years previously. Essentially, I have a strong focus on values, feelings, compassion and important beliefs where current experiences hold great learning importance. Team values are high and my role in ensuring the well-being of those with whom I work is important to me. There are, however, elements of this personality type which I am aware can be problematic if not managed appropriately. I do have a tendency to avoid conflict yet can be stubborn where my own values come into conflict with corporate ideals in which I run the risk of failing in objectivity. These are negative traits which I have been consciously working on over the last few years and serve to remind me that, whilst having a default style, this does not preclude effective working on these to the benefit of all concerned. Interestingly, the top two best matches of jobs for me based on enjoyment are actor and musician; for match came out as counsellor and customer care and a combination of match and enjoyment came out as counsellor and actor. All of these I have both experience and interest in and the traits from these have indeed shaped my leadership style. The Humanist approach described by McGregor (1964) looked at how individual attitudes can affect behaviour. He purported that there are 2 types of leader (using an X and Y continuum ranging from a negative to positive view of subordinates respectively). The latter, he showed, have a greater chance of effective performance from the workforce through a nurturing approach which I can identify with. A reflective log from December 2009 is included in Appendix VII. Again, as with most models, there is a typical style for each individual manager but even the most open and supportive one can revert on occasions to X-typical strategies and responses. This can be somewhat confusing and lacking in continuity for the workforce and, potentially unsettling as I will illustrate later in this essay. The model is similar to Tannenbaum and Schmidt (1958) who use the continuum from Authoritarian Task Orientation to Democratic Relationship Orientation where I operate towards the latter and Goleman (2000) on which I identify with the Affiliative (people come first) stage. Operational leaders, as covered by Maxwell (2002) have great value to an organisation in providing stability, devising systems and solving problems with positive engagement. However, because of their focus on detail they can overlook the bigger picture, sometimes lack motivation and are not effective in dealing with conflict. Very often, paraphrasing Maxwell here, operational leaders are not very good at getting their hands dirty but readily raise the flag at the moment of achievement. Thankfully, whilst viewing myself as an operational leader, I do like to share in tasks as well as delegate. John Adair (2002) in his range of leadership treatises, (which, incidently, build on the previous models of Maslow (1943), Herzberg (1964) and Fayol (1916) highlights three key management responsibilities under his banner of Action Centred leadership. Achieving the task Managing the team or group Managing individuals Whilst advocating a shared responsibility between the individual and external factors, it does not, however, take stock of the individual in the leadership role which I view as crucial. A similar but more complex model I have become interested in, is known as Crew Resource Management (CRM) which was originally devised by NASA to explore the human factors in civil aviation accidents in the 1970s. Several industries have adopted and adapted their own models accordingly and my interest will culminate in a dissertation for my Degree on the benefits of adopting a CRM approach to Prison Service critical incidents. Tasks or people? Workforce or Team ? It is clear that leadership is different to management though a good leader will have good management skills. In considering whether I impose myself as leader to focus on task or allow the team to flourish utilising their own skills, I completed the T-P leadership questionnaire (Appendix VIII). This scored exactly midway between the two, highlighting my awareness and flexibility to respond to both important aspects. How we respond to a leader gives some indication of our own skills and that of the one in the supervisory role. As one who aims to lead by inspiration, I am more inclined to follow Kolbs (1984) model of learning and encourage people to adapt concrete way of doing things to update their skills base and find more effective ways of working (feeling, watching, thinking, doing). An autocratic leader would be less inclined to allow such flexibility and attempt to ensure compliance from those who might be more inclined to kick and scream in and against the process. An effective leader should also take individual learning styles into account as no one method fits all. Honey and Mumfords Learning Style Inventory (1982), highlights the differences that exist, as I have found even within small teams, yet we all work together and effectively, notwithstanding that everyones experience of being under the same leadership will be different. One of the most important sources of reflection in considering my own style of leadership, plus a reinforcement of my own beliefs and values, is represented in the Style Theory of Leadership developed by Blake and Mouton (1964). This, essentially, follows on from McGregors X-Y theory and is more relevant to those predominantly on the Y axis and where a level of trust in management structure exists in the workplace. However, Blake and Mouton explored the benefits of those that put tasks before people and vice versa. Ultimately they considered whether concern for people or concern for production was more important for leaders. As with other models, the day to day style of individuals in leadership roles can vary but everyone has their own default mode. Where productivity appears more important than the maintenance and well-being of the staff, I can find myself at odds with the management and perceived ethos of the establishment at which I work. With the Blake Mouton model, I was relieved to have my default leadership style confirmed as Team Leader. This is indicative of high concern for both people and production where emphasis is placed on a spirit of teamwork and mutual co-operation. This also engenders a safe environment in which commitment from all sides is more readily forthcoming. However, in completing a recent practical assessment for a promotion board I failed to attain the required grade. I knew this as soon as the assessment was over, though I had to wait two months for the official result. In fact, I knew during the assessment, I was reacting totally contrary to my normal sense of priorities when faced with a constant stream of problems to solve. I found myself focussing primarily on the tasks and not enough on the personnel. For example, when faced with a member of staff who was emotionally upset at a domestic issue, I asked if he was okay to continue to get his landing unlocked and would look to help him with his problem later. Afterwards I learnt that the assessors were looking for Utopian responses in all scenarios assuming all needs could be immediately provided so I could have put staff welfare first, getting his role covered immediately so he could then get home to sort his issues. However, I reverted to my current work role where the pressure to meet deadlines sometimes overrides well-being. As this was completely at odds with how I believed I would normally have reacted, I was left feeling ill at ease and questioned why I persisted in this way when I am naturally Y (using McGregors model, 1960) and more team focused than task orientated (Blake Mouton, 1964). Whilst I may not fully understand why, at least it is a recognised trait à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..theory X managers (or indeed theory Y managers displaying theory X are primarily results oriented Internet source http://www.businessballs.com/mcgregor.htm [October 2010] On reflection, I am convinced that the culture and environment of the higher management structure (which demands and focuses on results and targets) filters down and, no matter how much one tries to resist or even kick against it, it permeates ones own work practice after a while. The climate in which I work consistently places emphasis on the meeting of Key Performance Targets (KPTs) and now, the Service Level Agreement (SLA). In meeting these as well as ever increasing budgetary constraints, every facet of work culture is placed under the microscope and, wherever possible, cut, yet the targets must be met regardless. However, no matter the circumstances in which we find ourselves or expectations laid at our office door, it is how we respond that is important and the acceptance of our personal responsibility to be channelled into effective working. An important element of relationships, at all levels including personal and business, is trust. Where one perceives this to be eroded or not present due to conflict in aims or values, it can have a destructive affect on effective co-working. As can be seen above, this is something I am struggling with in the corporate ethos where I am constantly second-guessing the motives behind management decision-making. However, to be an effective manager, I am mindful of maintaining a healthy approach to embracing the mission of the workplace even though I may not fully understand or have access to the full rationale behind the decision making processes from Higher Management. As a leader, I have to convey to those I wish to work effectively under me, that this mission is achievable and in the common interest despite my own such uncertainties. Maintaining personal integrity and establishing trust are essential in my personal, professional and leadership identity. Straker (2008:208) talks of transaction cost and trust boundaries. Essentially he argues that trust, if allowed to erode or not fostered within an organisation can impact on delivery and there has to be a cost on both sides to re-establish this. As he says .. the overall cost can be minimised with up-front investment in, and subsequent maintenance of, trust. If one does not have that sense of belonging within the trust group then there is something wrong with the work relationship and part of effective management and leadership performance is to be pro-active in fostering trust and encouraging people to enter the trust boundary. It begs the question, therefore, who and under what conditions will we follow? Should we be expected to lead and expect blind faith? What criteria and principles should be presented in order for others to set out on the journey with us ? Handy (1987) suggests that in order for an outcome to remain constant, the Trust-Control balance might need to shift between leader and subordinates and I can see merits in this as relationships, as well as work pressures, are fluid in nature. There are three established styles of leadership: autocratic, paternalistic and democratic. History records successful leaders who have exhibited all of the above. Each style can work and produce results but demands a flexibility on the part of the workforce to fit in with the style and it is that response which can be acknowledged and worked with or not as the case may be, As for my own style, confirmed as a nurturing parental approach, this has immense benefits for myself and for those who work under me as they feel supported and, more importantly in my opinion, affirmed in their roles with their own skills base recognised and developed. As with any style there are costs and, as I am finding, where my own sense of values conflicts with the demands laid upon me, this can have a detrimental effect to my own sense of purpose within the organisation. It is important, therefore, that structures and lines of communication are open which allow for that expression of view. However, this, in itself, is not without the potential cost. As I found when raising my head above the parapet on several occasions, to express concern and personal frustration with the direction expected by senior managers, it can blot ones copybook. Again, it is important for me to consider how much of this is down to my own personal perception and how able I am to see my subordinates perspective and, crucially, the aims and focus of the establishment delivery objectives. Conclusion In terms of future roles, I am best placed to consider managerial positions. The Foundation Degree and BA(Hons) are regarded as valuable qualifications both for their content relevant to the Criminal Justice System and Leadership and Management but also symbolising the desire and commitment I have and have shown for continued self development (Appendix IX). In the final analysis, the human dynamic is the most beneficial resource in the workplace but it is also the most fickle and, at times, fragile. To lead is a privilege and to follow is an opportunity. I can only strive to make myself worthy of the trust placed in me to, not only get the job done, but to enable others to be the very best they can be and, in the process, ensure I am followed out of respect and not coercion or, indeed, curiosity. Appendices: I. Excerpt from Carnegie (1938) II. Study Skills Self Assessment III. Gibbs (1998) Reflective Cycle IV. Curriculum Vitae V. Kandola and Fullerton (1994) Mosaic Vision VI. Myers Briggs Personality Type Questionnaire VII. Reflective Log on McGregor X,Y Theory VIII. T-P Leadership Questionnaire IX. Professional Development Plan Appendix I Excerpts from How To Win Friends and Influence People Carnegie (1938) Fundamental Techniques in Handling People Dont criticize, condemn, or complain. Give honest and sincere appreciation. Arouse in the other person an eager want. Six Ways to Make People Like You Become genuinely interested in other people. Smile. Remember that a mans Name is to him the sweetest and most important sound in any language. Be a good listener. Encourage others to talk about themselves. Talk in the terms of the other mans interest. Make the other person feel important and do it sincerely Twelve Ways to Win People to Your Way of Thinking Avoid arguments. Show respect for the other persons opinions. Never tell someone they are wrong. If youre wrong, admit it quickly and emphatically. Begin in a friendly way. Start with questions the other person will answer yes to. Let the other person do the talking. Let the other person feel the idea is his/hers. Try honestly to see things from the other persons point of view. Sympathize with the other person. Appeal to noble motives. Dramatize your ideas. Throw down a challenge. Be a Leader: How to Change People Without Giving Offense or Arousing Resentment Begin with praise and honest appreciation. Call attention to other peoples mistakes indirectly. Talk about your own mistakes first. Ask questions instead of directly giving orders. Let the other person save face. Praise every improvement. Give them a fine reputation to live up to. Encourage them by making their faults seem easy to correct. Make the other person happy about doing what you suggest. Appendix II. Study Skills Self Assessment Appendix III. Gibbs (1998) Reflective Cycle Appendix IV. Curriculum Vitae Appendix V My Personal and Professional Values Related to The Mosaic Vision (Kandola and Fullerton, 1994) Mission and values (I tend to have a rescuer style in

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

My Diary On Tom Robinson?s Case :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now that I am looking back on Tom Robinson’s court case, I have seen what my decision has done to my family and I have heard what my friends and neighbors have to say about the ordeal. If I could go back in time, I would still make the decision to defend Tom Robinson. This decision is backed by many reasons of logic and my morals. Many decisions people make are decided on what suits themselves, they do not think of other people and how it may affect them or show them what is right and what is wrong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe that defending Tom Robinson was the correct, moral action to take. If I did not take this case, I could never look at my children again (Lee 88). Many people say that I am a disgrace to the family for taking the case (Lee 83), however, I see it a little differently. In my eyes, I would be disgracing the family for not taking the case because it would not be just not to defend Tom Robinson since I knew that he was innocent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the trial, I believed (and still do) that Mayella’s father, Bob Ewell, beat her (Lee 187). When I cross-examined Mayella, I tried to get her to admit to this, but she still insisted that Tom Robinson raped her (Lee 187-188). If a person would look at the evidence on hand, they would know that this was not the case. First of all, Tom’s left arm was crippled from being caught in a cotton gin (Lee 186). Considering the fact that she was bruised and beat on the right side of the face, this was not possibly an action from Tom. However, Bob Ewell was left handed, meaning that when he was hitting Mayella, he hit her along the right side of the face (Lee 177). Second of all, Tom was only trying to help Mayella with her chores around the house because no one else in the family would help her (Lee 191). Thirdly, why on this particular day, November 21st, were the children out of the house? Mayella told Tom that she had saved money for a whole year s o she could treat them to ice cream (Lee 193). Also on that day, she asked him to come inside for the first time to fix the door hinges that did not need to be fixed (Lee 193).

Monday, November 11, 2019

Introduction to Human Settlements

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Why people build environments? In order to understand built environments, one should know how the human mind works. The human mind imposes an order on the world. The world is chaotic and disorderly which; the human mind classifies, orders and onto it, imposes cognitive schemata. Settlements, buildings and landscapes are results of this activity. Hence, built environments including settlements are one way of ordering the world. INTRODUCTIONVancouver Declaration on Human Settlements (1976) defined human settlements as â€Å"the totality of the human community – whether city, town or village – with all the social, material, organizational, spiritual and cultural elements that sustain it. The fabric of human settlements consists of physical elements and services to which these elements provide the material support†. The physical components comprise, Shelter, i. e. the superstructures of different shapes, size, type and materi als erected by mankind for security, privacy and protection from the elements and for his singularity within a community; Infrastructure, i. . the complex networks designed to deliver to or remove from the shelter people, goods, energy or information; Services cover those required by a community for the fulfilment of its functions as a social body, such as education, health, culture, welfare, recreation and nutrition. All settlements essentially involve the making of places. Each place is a differentiated portion of the earth’s surface of previously undifferentiated space, a portion that is distinguishable from other such portions and has a specific meaning. What makes a place is always some schema, some ordering principle, which varies in different cultures.In most traditional cultures these schemata are related to the sacred. The purpose of place is to create a space that is habitable and usable in terms acceptable to the culture. All settlements are ordered and organized. Settlements not only impose an order on the larger domain but also are themselves organized. There is an ordering system both in the settlement, ceremonial centre or whatever and at the larger scale; there are systems within systems. All settlements are designed. Settlements are designed in the sense that they embody human decisions, choices and specific ways of doing things.Designed environments include places that are cleared and planted, areas where rivers have been diverted and fields that have been fenced in certain patterns. In fact many apparently commonplace activities have a greater impact on the earth than design in the traditional sense. The way cities, regions and countries look depends in the final analysis on the design activity of many individuals and groups at different times. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Origin of settlements can be traced back to the caves where people gathered for protection against the natural forces or for defence against rival trib es.These places of communal living gave way to the village. The village was a by-product of the development of agriculture in areas where there was an adequate water supply and fertile soil. Many of these earliest villages arose adjacent to what are now the Mediterranean Sea and the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates rivers. In addition to the role of providing shelter to its people, the village was also an appropriate sanctuary for the altar of their Deity, a meeting place for assembly, and a centre for trade. As this environment became increasingly populated, urbanization resulted.Communities larger than the village came as a result of the growth of crops and the breeding of stock on a more permanent basis than before. The production of hard grains that could be stored for a longer period of time offered stability, since it assured insurance against starvation. The ability of these urban areas to preserve food made it possible to diversify into other activities. With a development of div ersified economy not totally dependent on food production, it became possible to attract people into a labour pool, thus providing employment in a variety of forms.This brought about the enlargement of villages or hamlets into towns and cities, which operated on different political and economic bases than had not been possible in the simpler forms. CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS The Influence of Geography Natural factors played an important part in the development and growth of settlements. The danger or fire and flood, extreme climatic conditions, the possibility of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, lack of natural resources or fertile soils – all influenced decisions either to settle in a given area or to move to a more favourable site.Moderate climates were always preferred to settle. Most of the settlements are located between the latitudes 60-degree North and 45-degree South. Although extreme temperatures are found within these boundaries, as the climate is favou rable for habitation for major parts of the year. Geographic studies indicate that settlements seldom form where the topography is steep. Some cities are located at high altitudes, but the slope of the land is relatively level. For example, Denver, Colorado and Mexico City are around 5000 feet above sea level but the terrain at these sites is relatively flat.Accessibility to other settlements also plays a role in the location and development of settlements. Political and Social Organization The village brought something new to the lives of primitive people: the need for mutual responsibility and cooperation. Various social and political organizations emerged as a direct result. People did not adjust easily to the self-discipline that community life required. Personal rivalry flared within the village and the most powerful individual assumed the role of tribal leader. Rivalry between villages often resulted in armed conflict.Several villages might come under the domination of the vic torious tribe with that tribe’s leader rising to the position of ruler. In time empires were created and rulers took the titles of king and emperor. What distinguishes the early city from the primitive village is its higher degree of political and social organization. The more sophisticated social structure allows people to live together in relative peace. Social, economic and political organization is essential to the growth and development of a city. As a result of the more advanced social structure, bold aesthetic changes took place.Temples and other structures of the ruling group became permanent. Tremendous amounts of energy were expended to produce great edifices, such as palaces and cathedrals, which became a source of pride to the public and the seat of power for its rulers. In the mean time, most of the people lived as slave labour in mud huts or worse where none of the basic amenities existed. Such situations still exist in many parts of the world today, where great numbers of people live in slums. Evolution of Physical Form Two basic forms of settlements are noticeable: the walled town and the open city.Within these basic forms a wide variety of patterns are woven. Each form and design is shaped by the character of the society at the time. Few cities that thrived with great cultures began with a plan. They developed by a process of accretion; the growth was irregular, responsive to the changes in the habits of people and dynamic in character. They began as free cities settled voluntarily. Their external form and the physical pattern were introduced according to the structure of the land itself or the manner in which the land was apportioned among the inhabitants.Cities have been subjected to the process of continuous remodelling through the ages and the variety of their forms is the result of the particular force or forces that were dominant during the successive periods of their history. In order to discern the characteristics of a civilizat ion, attention cannot be confined only to the rulers but also to the affairs of the people. More than the great and the impressive structures, common dwellings of the people mark the culture of the cities.